Heat pump Refrigerants

Here’s a summary of the typical maximum hot water temperatures for each refrigerant:

Refrigerant	GWP	ODP	Evaporating Temperature (°C)	Condensing Temperature (°C)	Maximum Hot Water Temperature (°C)
R-32	675	0	-10 to -15	40 to 50	65
R-1234yf	4	0	-5 to 0	30 to 40	70
R-1234ze(E)	6	0	-10 to -5	35 to 45	65
R-134a	1430	0	-15 to -20	45 to 55	80
R-410a	2088	0	-10 to -15	50 to 60	70
R-123	79	0	-5 to 0	35 to 45	75
CO2 (R-744)	1	0	-10 to -15	30 to 40	90
Ammonia (R-717)	0	0	-15 to -20	25 to 35	80

CO2 heat pumps are somewhat unique in their ability to reach such high temperatures (up to 90°C) efficiently. For the other refrigerants listed, their maximum achievable hot water temperatures are generally lower due to different thermodynamic properties and technological limitations.

These maximum temperatures are approximate and can vary depending on the specific design and application of the heat pump system. Here’s why CO2 stands out:

• Thermodynamic Properties: CO2 has a high critical temperature and pressure, which allows it to operate efficiently at higher temperatures.

• Transcritical Cycle: CO2 heat pumps often operate in a transcritical cycle, which can efficiently handle higher temperature differentials, enabling the production of very hot water.

• Heat Transfer Efficiency: CO2 has excellent heat transfer properties, making it highly effective for both heating and cooling applications.

Other refrigerants, while also efficient and low-GWP/low-ODP, typically do not match CO2's high-temperature capabilities due to their physical and chemical properties. However, they are still very suitable for a wide range of industrial applications where slightly lower hot water temperatures are acceptable.

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